Sistemática dos Pristocerinae (Hymenoptera, Bethylidae) com parâmeros duplos

Abstract

Pristocerinae are widely distributed from the tropics to the temperate regions of the world. It is currently comprised of 19 genera and about 800 species. Cladistic studies show that Pristocerinae are monophyletic. However, the classification of some genera still remains inconsistent and the internal relations between them are unknown. Caloapenesia Terayama, 1995 and Pseudisobrachium Kieffer, 1904 are the only Pristocerinae genera that have paramere doble. Terayama (1996) analyzed the genera of Pristocerinae cladistically, but did not thoroughly investigate the presence of paramere doble as a possible synapomorphy for the relationship between Caloapenesia and Pseudisobrachium. Terayama (1996) presented Pseudisobrachium as a sister-group of Protisobrachium forming a clade along with Neoapenesia Terayama, 1995. That clade is supported by having absent or indistinct notauli and hypopygium with three stalks. However, these characters are found in other genera of the subfamily and some diagnostic characters of these three genera were not investigated. In the study of Terayama (1996), the hypopygium of Caloapenesia was interpreted as having only one stalk, although the author of the genus himself, in 1995, had illustrated the side stems inconspicuous, indicating that this genus shared the synapomorphies of the clade Protisobrachium+Pseudisobrachium+Neoapenesia. Neoapenesia also presents an apical projection on the basiparamere, which may be homologous to the second paramere ofCaloapenesia and Pseudisobrachium, but this character had not been described for thegenus and was not analyzed in the only cladistic analysis made for the subfamily. Besides the lack of cladistic delimitation, most genera of Pristocerinae have less than ten described species and are restricted to the Afrotropical and Oriental regions. Currently, Caloapenesia has only three valid species described and is restricted to the Oriental region. Many of the characters that are considered diagnostic are shared by other genera, and some characters have not been observed for the taxon. The objectives of this study were to review Caloapenesia taxonomically; describe a new genus with double paramere; investigate the homology of the double paramere of the three genera of Pristocerinae that have it; investigate the homology between the Neoapenesiaprojection with the double paramere of Caloapenesia and Pseudisobrachium; test the monophyly and investigate the phylogenetic relations of these genera